Individual Tax

Claiming dependents on your tax return can significantly reduce your tax liability through exemptions, deductions, and credits. However, claiming an ineligible dependent—whether accidentally or intentionally—can lead to serious consequences, including IRS penalties, delayed refunds, and even audits. Understanding the rules and repercussions is essential for responsible tax filing.

Who Qualifies as a Dependent?

Before diving into the risks of misclaiming, it’s important to understand the criteria the IRS uses to determine dependent eligibility. There are two main categories:

1. Qualifying Child

Must meet all of the following:

• Relationship: Your child, stepchild, sibling, or descendant.
• Age: Under 19, or under 24 if a full-time student (no age limit if permanently disabled).
• Residency: Lived with you for more than half the year.
• Support: Did not provide more than half of their own financial support.
• Filing Status: Not filing a joint return (unless only to claim a refund).

2. Qualifying Relative

Must meet all of the following:

• Not a qualifying child of another taxpayer.
• Gross Income: Less than the IRS threshold (e.g., $4,700 in 2023).
• Support: You provided more than half of their support during the year.
• Relationship or residency: Related to you or lived with you all year.

Common Mistakes That Lead to Claiming Ineligible Dependents

• Sharing custody: Divorced or separated parents may both try to claim the same child.
• Adult children: Claiming a child who earned too much or provided most of their own support.
• Extended family or roommates: Claiming individuals who don’t meet relationship or residency requirements.
• Double claiming: Both taxpayers in a split household claim the same person.

Consequences of Claiming an Ineligible Dependent

Delayed or Rejected Refund

If the IRS detects a problem (especially if the dependent’s Social Security Number has already been used), your return may be flagged and your refund delayed or denied.

Amended Returns or Audits

You may be required to file an amended return and repay any credits or refunds you received in error. This can trigger an IRS audit, which may require documentation of eligibility.

Penalties and Interest

The IRS can impose penalties for negligence or fraud, along with interest on unpaid taxes.

Loss of Valuable Tax Credits

Claiming an ineligible dependent may incorrectly qualify you for:

• Child Tax Credit (CTC)
• Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
• Dependent Care Credit
• Head of Household status

If disallowed, you may lose eligibility for these credits for up to 10 years if the IRS deems the claim fraudulent.

What to Do If You’ve Made a Mistake

1. Don’t Ignore IRS Notices

If you receive a notice or letter from the IRS about your dependent claim, respond promptly with any requested documentation or corrections.

2. File an Amended Return

Use Form 1040-X to amend your return if you realize you’ve claimed someone who doesn’t qualify. This can reduce penalties if done proactively.

3. Seek Professional Help

A tax professional can help assess your situation and guide you through rectifying the mistake and dealing with the IRS.

Tips to Avoid Errors

• Use tax preparation software with dependent eligibility checks.
• Keep thorough records: proof of residency, school records, income, and support documents.
• Coordinate with other household members or ex-spouses to avoid duplicate claims.

Final Thoughts

Claiming a dependent can offer significant tax benefits, but the rules are strict and must be followed carefully. If you’re unsure whether someone qualifies, it’s better to double-check than risk penalties or audits. When in doubt, consult a licensed tax professional or the IRS website for guidance.

The college search process is an exciting but time-consuming process. After your child narrows down the colleges of his or her choice, you both have to figure out the issue of paying for tuition and room and board. The reality is that a four-year college education is expensive. The College Board1 reported that the average annual published tuition and fees for in-state students at a four-year public college was $11,260 for the 2023-2024 school year, $29,150 for out-of-state tuition and fees at a four-year public college, and $41,540 per year for a four-year private college. However, colleges typically offer scholarships or discounted tuition rates for students who are high achievers academically or distinguish themselves in sports, the arts, music, or other field. Grants and work-study programs can also help reduce the final price tag of a college education.

Student Aid Trends

In 2022-2023, undergraduate students received an average of $15,480 in financial aid, including grants ($10,680), federal loans ($3,860), education tax credits and deductions ($850), and federal work-study ($90).2

Financial Aid and Taxes

If your child is awarded financial aid for college expenses, you may be concerned that taxes will be due on that aid. As always with taxes, it depends on the circumstances. In general, gift aid, including scholarships and fellowship grants that are paid to an individual to assist in the pursuit of study or for research, is not taxable if:

• The recipient is a degree candidate at an eligible educational institution – defined as one that has a faculty, a curriculum, and a regularly enrolled group of students.
• The funds are either designated for tuition and related expenses – required fees, books, supplies, and equipment – or are unrestricted and the amount does not exceed tuition and related expenses. Expenses for room and board do not count.
• The award is not payment for services such as teaching or research.

Excess aid is considered taxable income to the student. Nonetheless, a student’s standard deduction may be enough to shelter any earned income from income taxes.

Other Options for Parents

Saving for college through a Section 529 plan delivers valuable tax benefits. The money in a Section 529 plan grows on a tax-deferred basis, and 3 distributions for qualified educational expenses are free of federal income tax. Additionally, many states offer some form of state income tax deduction or credit for contributions to a 529 plan.

Work With a Professional

Deciding where to go to college is both an exciting and stressful decision for young people. Figuring out how to pay for it can cause parents many sleepless nights. That’s why it can be helpful to obtain the input of a financial professional well before your child makes his or her choice as to where to attend college. A financial professional may be able to offer unique insights and advice on how parents can afford college for their children.

1The College Board, “Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid 2023.”

2Figures are per full-time equivalent student.

3Certain benefits may not be available unless specific requirements (e.g., residency) are met. There also may be restrictions on the timing of distributions and how they may be used. Before investing, consider the investment objectives, risks, and charges and expenses associated with municipal fund securities. The issuer’s official statement contains more information about municipal fund securities, and you should read it carefully before investing.